A fair access policy for the Saudi Biobank

Keywords : Access; Anonymization; Biobank; Confidentiality; Medical research

Author : Ghiath Alahmad, Kris Dierickx

Title : A fair access policy for the Saudi Biobank

Volume/Issue : 2014;2(4)

Page No : 945-946

Background: South Asia has a large proportion of young people in the world and teenage pregnancy has emerged as one of the major public health problem among them and bearing serious social and medical implications relating to maternal and child health. Objectives: To find out the incidence of teenage pregnancy and its impact on birth outcome. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the residents of Rangeli Village Development Committees (VDC) in the Morang District with 300 households as respondents. Semi-structured questionnaire was used and face to face interview was conducted for data collection. Chi-square test was applied to find out the association between sociodemographic characteristics and outcome variable for birth outcome and age first pregnancy. Results: About 61.7% of respondents were pregnant before 19 years of age. Women belonging marginalized community (Dalit and Janajati) was more likely to have teenage pregnancy compared to women with other ethnic groups (P<0.001).The women with SLC and higher education was less likely to have teenage pregnancy (21.4%) compared to women with below SLC (60%) and illiterate (78.5%). Furthermore, economic variable shows stronger association with teenage pregnancies (p<0.001). Fetal complication was significantly higher among teenage pregnancy (80%) than women with 19 years and above (20%). The proportion of low birth weight (<2.5 kg) babies was also significantly higher in women with teenage pregnancy (80%) than women with 19 years and above (20%). Conclusion: Teenage pregnancy is still a rampant and important public health problem in Nepal with unfavorable neonatal outcome and needs to be tackled on a priority basis.

Keywords : Birth outcome; Nepal; Socio-economic status; Terai Area; Teenage pregnancies

Author : Sah RB, Regmi MC, Subedi L, Shah U, Jha N

Title : Burden of teenage pregnancies in Terai area of eastern region of Nepal

Volume/Issue : 2014;2(4)

Page No : 947-952

Introduction: The tympanic membrane plays an important role in the physiology of hearing. If perforation occurs, the hearing power will decrease. Role of perforation closure operation results are still not satisfactory. Latest knowledge about stem cells as the cells was able to differentiate into other cells to produce a new treatment expectation in handling perforation. Method: The aim of this research was to assess the role of bone marrow stem cells in the healing of marmot tympanic membrane perforation. The number of sample were totaling 22 marmots that were divided into three groups, group I amounted to 8 marmots, in group II were 7 marmots and in group III were 7 marmots. All marmots with chronic perforations made in the tympanic membrane perforator then injected with Staphylococcus aureus bacteria taken from microbiology section at tympanic cavum. When there has been a chronic perforation and declared dry, the group I taped marmot bone of marrow stem cells, amnion membrane attached to group II, group III as the control (without treatment). Results: There was no significant difference between the mean of age of the sample in the three groups (p> 0.05) and also no significant difference in mean body weight among the samples into three groups (p> 0.05). In the first observation of perforation, closure has not occurred among the three groups yet, on the second observation there were significant differences according to the percentage of the tympanic membrane closure group (p <0.05) in which groups of stem cells, it closures on 3 samples (50%) than other groups. In the third observation there were significant differences in the percentage cover of amnion membrane according to group (p <0.05). In the group of stem cell and amnion membrane, the closure occurs each 6 (100%) and 5 samples (100%), whereas in the control group the closure of the tympanic membrane occurred in 2 samples (40%). Conclusion: The role of bone marrow stem cells as the cells that are able to differentiate into other cell can be covered perforation of the tympanic membrane was faster than using amniotic membrane closure and control groups.

Keywords : Bone marrow; tympanic membrane; marmots; stem cells; healing perforation.

Author : Eka Savitri, Mahdi Umar, Syamsihar

Title : The role of bone marrow stem cells in healing perforation of marmot tympanic membrane

Volume/Issue : 2014;2(4)

Page No : 953-961

Maternal mortality is the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration of the pregnancy, from any cause aggravated by the pregnancy or its management, but not from accidental or incidental causes. In Ghana, the estimated maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is 350, while the number of maternal deaths stands at 2700. MMR for the Sub-Saharan countries is 500 with maternal deaths of 162,000. The estimates for global MMR are 210, with 28700 as the number of deaths. Though the Tamale Teaching Hospital recorded a 74% reduction of maternal mortality in 2011, it is argued that this institutional figure represents an insignificant number of women who deliver at the hospital and that the majority of births in the region occurs at home are not captured. The contribution of socio-cultural beliefs and practices to maternal mortality is incalculable. It prevents pregnant women from attending hospitals for ANC and delivery and even from taken certain food that can help improve pregnant women’s health. This paper elaborates on the question of maternal mortality, it interrogates the overemphasis on medical explanation to the maternal mortality and how that alone is not helping the situation. It delves into the issue of socio-cultural beliefs and practices as contributing factors to maternal mortality in Tolon district and the need to address these cultural beliefs and practices to pave the way for achieving the MDG 5and safe maternal delivery. The paper contributes to the ongoing debate on achieving the MDGs as the benchmark of 2014 is just around the corner. It also sensitizes the policy makers, the Ministry of Health and the public on the need to recast their efforts and focus on socio-cultural beliefs and practices to reduce maternal mortality in Ghana.

Keywords : Maternal mortality, socio-cultural beliefs, health, pregnancy, child birth

Author : Abdulai Abubakari, Abdallah Iddrisu Yahaya

Title : Rethinking the causes of maternal mortality in Tolon district: Analyses of socio-cultural believes and practices as barriers to achieving MDG 5

Volume/Issue : 2014;2(4)

Page No : 962-972

Purpose: Diarrheal diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children in developing countries. Among the bacterial pathogens, diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) are the most common agents causing diarrhea worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of DEC in stool samples from children with acute diarrhea using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Methods: A total of 75 stool samples from children under the age of 15 with acute diarrhea were collected by aseptic measures for a period of one year. The selected samples were screened for E.coli by standard microbiological methods. Identification of pathogenic E.coli was based on cultural characters and standard biochemical reactions. The E.coli isolates were subjected for PCR analysis to classify as EPEC, EAEC, STEC and ETEC strains using their virulence marker genes. Results: 17 (23%) DEC isolates were identified from 75 stool samples. EPEC showed high prevalence (12%) followed by EAEC (5.33%) and STEC (4%). No ETEC strains were isolated from the population. Conclusion: The study showed that EPEC (12%) is the predominant strain among other DEC in causing diarrhea among children.

Keywords : Acute diarrhea; Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli; Enteropathogenic; Polymerase chain reaction

Author : S.G. Surya, Vysakh P.R., Sankararaman Kandasamy, K. Gnanaprakash, Shreeram A. Deshpande, Bhaskara Prabhu

Title : Prevalence and molecular detection of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in pediatric age group attending a tertiary care hospital in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu

Volume/Issue : 2014;2(4)

Page No : 973-978

In a retrospective study from 2011 to 2014, prevalence rate of Ewing’s Sarcoma was screened in population of Western India. Out of 15 suspected cases, we found only 02 cases of Ewing’s sarcoma. To our knowledge this is first report from Gujarat covering Western India.

Keywords : Prevalence, Ewing’s sarcoma, FISH, Western India

Author : Vaniawala Salil, Gadhia Pankaj

Title : Prevalence of Ewing's sarcoma in population of Western India

Volume/Issue : 2014;2(4)

Page No : 979-980

Background: Anaemia during pregnancy can lead to morbidity and mortality in mother as well as fetus. Anaemia cannot be diagnosed based upon the clinical picture alone and blood test is a definitive evidence of the same. The hematologic status in pregnant women can be evaluated by measuring different blood indices. Aim: The aim of our present study was to determine the effect of pregnancy on haematological parameters and to compare the haematological parameters at different stages of pregnancy. Settings: Tertiary care hospital. Study design: Prospective study. Methodology: A prospective study was carried out in the Department of Pathology at MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala, from May 2011 to September 2013. The antenatal cases reporting to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of M.M.I.M.S.R. Mullana were included in the study. The blood samples from all cases were analysed for various hematological parameters on automated cell counter. Results: The mean RBC (103/µl) were 3.23, 3.46, 3.29 and 3.25 in the age group <19, 20-25, 26-30 and 31-35 respectively. Mean MCV (fl) were 83.06, 76.45, 80.65, and 85.36, MCH (pg) were 26.9, 27.42, 27.67, 28.05 and MCHC (gm/dl) were 30.06, 30.89, 30.99 and 32.38 in the above age groups. Mean PCV (%) were 30.2, 28.73, 30.33 and 33.93 in the age group < 19, 20-25, 26-30 and 31-35 respectively. TLC was significantly higher in 68 (77.5%) cases and remained elevated throughout pregnancy. Conclusion: Anaemia can be easily diagnosed and responds quickly to intervention and treatment that is both inexpensive and readily available.

Keywords : Anaemia; Hematological parameters; Iron; Pregnancy; Physiological anemia

Author : Prem Singh, Swati Singh, Topesh

Title : Hematological parameters in anaemic pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic of tertiary care hospital

Volume/Issue : 2014;2(4)

Page No : 981-986

Background: Overcrowding, unsanitary environment, inaccessible health facilities and poverty predispose slum children to ill-health and undernutrition. Purpose of this paper is to describe the prevalence and examine the predictors of undernutrition among children under five in the slums of Hyderabad, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in ten slums of Hyderabad, to appraise care giving practices and health and nutritional status of children under five. Data were collected from 506 slum households, selected through multistage stratified random sampling. Height-for-age and weight-for-age Z scores were computed after anthropometric measurements. Stunting and Underweight prevalence levels were estimated and role of child, mother and household factors was examined using bivariate as well as multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results: Prevalence of stunting and underweight was 39.8% and 33.5% respectively. Child’s age (OR-1.03; CI-1.02-1.05), birth weight (OR-1.96; CI-1.11 -3.48), birth interval (OR-1.82; CI 1.03-3.21), mother’s BMI (OR-1.99; CI-1.26-3.14), and household wealth index (OR-2.06; CI-1.07-3.96; OR-2.28; CI- 1.04-4.99) were the significant predictors of stunting. The predictors of underweight were child’s age (OR-1.04; CI-1.03-1.05), birth weight (OR-2.63; 95%CI-1.47 -4.7), sex (OR-1.54; CI-1.01-2.35), hygienic care (OR-2.06; CI-1.31-3.23), and mother’s age at child birth (OR-2.01; CI-1.12-3.62). Apart from these, mother’s feeding response (OR-2.04; CI-1.01-4.14) was an important factor for children aged 6-23 months. Conclusion: Reassessment of slum health and development measures and intensified IEC programmes on maternal nutrition, hazards of early pregnancy, birth spacing, hygiene and appropriate feeding responses are necessary to improve nutrition of slum children.

Keywords : Children; Slum; Stunting; Undernutrition; Underweight

Author : Rajini Peter, K Anil Kumar

Title : Prevalence and predictors of undernutrition in children aged 0-59 months in the slums of Hyderabad, India

Volume/Issue : 2014;2(4)

Page No : 987-998

Divination in health seeking is an ancient practice that still persists in many traditional societies in Ghana. It is a mechanism employed to gain vision or knowledge into a question or situation by using occultic methods, processes or rituals. This paper examines the contribution of diviners to health service delivery in the Tallensi and Dabdam districts of the Upper East region of Ghana. The study combined socio-anthropological methods, mainly interviews, focus group discussions and observations to collect information from diviners, health workers, and community level respondents. In traditional rural societies, divination satisfies and complements the health needs of the people. In acute situations, patients combine modern health services and divination to get cure to their sickness. However, most health workers believe that divination could lead to delays in reporting cases and complication of sickness as patients may seek wrong health service through the advice of diviners. The paper concludes that medical pluralism is important because people believe that their sicknesses could be caused by supernatural circumstances, and hence the resort to divination.

Keywords : Diviners, soothsayers, rituals, gods, health care, ailment, supernatural, believe system

Author : Thomas Bavo Azongo, Abdulai Abubakari

Title : Complementary or Contradictory?: Role of diviners in healthcare delivery in Ghana: Implications and consequences

Volume/Issue : 2014;2(4)

Page No : 999-1008

Introduction: Endotracheal intubation may create a period of hemodynamic instability in normotensive patients but more so in hypertensive patients. Endotracheal intubation produces stimulation of laryngeal and tracheal sensory receptors, resulting in a marked increase in the elaboration of sympathetic amines leading to hypertensive crisis. Objectives: The objective of study is to evaluate and compare the efficacy of fentanyl and fentanyl plus lidocaine in attenuating the stress responses to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation in hypertensive patients. Material and Methods: We conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blind study in 40 patients with controlled hypertension. All patients were randomly divided into two groups (fentanyl group and fentanyl plus lidocaine group). The fentanyl group received 2 mcg/kg and the fentanyl plus lidocaine group received 1.5mg/kg lidocaine and fentanyl 2mcg/kg, 3 min prior to intubation. Hemodynamic parameters were recorded at baseline, after giving induction agents, and 1, 3 and 5 minutes after endotracheal intubation. Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding hemodynamic parameters like heart rate, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure before induction 1, 3 and 5 minutes after intubation. Conclusion: Both fentanyl and fentanyl plus lidocaine effectively decreased the stress response to endotracheal intubation.

Keywords : Fentanyl, Hemodynamic stress, Intubation, Lidocaine

Author : Sidharth Sraban Routray, Khagaswar Raut, Kamalakanta Pradhan, Debadas Biswal, Debasis Mishra

Title : A comparative study of fentanyl and fentanyl plus lidocaine on attenuation of haemodynamic stress response to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation in hypertensive patients

Volume/Issue : 2014;2(4)

Page No : 1009-1013

Background: Transfusion Transmittable Infections (TTIs) continue to be a major threat to safe blood transfusion practice. The WHO recommends universal and quality controlled screening of blood donors for major TTIs. Aim: We conducted a 10 years retrospective cross-sectional study to determine the seroprevalence of TTIs among the blood donors at Tertiary care Hospital. Also we analyzed the changing trend and co-infection rate of TTIs. Material and methods: A total of 38,237 blood units tested for TTIs, viz., anti HIV 1 and 2 antibodies, HBSAg, anti HCV antibody using ELISA. Test for syphilis was done by rapid plasma regain test and peripheral smear examination to detect malaria parasite. Malascan rapid test was introduced for malaria since January 2013. Result: In present study highest seroprevalence observed was for HBSAg 1.45% followed by HIV 0.39%, HCV 0.1% and syphilis 0.01%. Seroprevalence for hepatitis C was increased from 0.11% in 2011to 0.14% in 2013. During study period decreasing trend for seropositivity of TTIs was seen. In 9 donors we found co-infection of TTI markers. Eight HCV positive donors were also showed positivity for a second TTI (5 for HIV and 3 for HBSAg). Conclusion: In present study Hepatitis B infection was most prevalent among TTI. Also HCV infection poses a threat to society due to its increasing trend. There is definite need to encourage voluntary donors, ongoing newer modes of screening test like enhance chemiluminisence and NAT testing which will improve blood safety further.

Keywords : Blood donors; Co-infection; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis C; Seroprevalence; Transfusion transmittable infections

Author : Chavan S K, Chavan K.B

Title : Seroprevalence, trend of transfusion transmittable infections and co-infections rate among blood donors at tertiary care hospital - 10 years study

Volume/Issue : 2014;2(4)

Page No : 1014-1020

Background and objectives: The spinal trauma is one of the leading problems in Orthopaedic practice more so in modern era where the individuals are more at risk due to high energy. It is one of the grave injuries that cause infinite morbidity and disability to the patient. Thoracolumbar spinal segment is the 2nd most commonly involved segment after the cervical segment in spinal injuries, about 30 to 60% of all spinal injuries. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective study of 21 cases of unstable thoracolumbar spinal injuries treated by posterior instrumentation in Navodaya Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Raichur between 2012 to 2014. Medically unsuitable and patients not willing for surgery were excluded from the study. Results: In this series 20 (95.3%) patients were male and 1 (4.7%) were female patients. In this series there were 13 (65%) of type A fractures, 5 (25%) of type B and 2 (10%) with type C fractures. In this series we had 10 (47.6%) patients with fractures at the thoracic level and 11(52.4%) patients with fractures at lumbar level. The T11 - L2 fractures contributed to 18 (86%) of the cases and were the most common fractures were at T12 (23.81%), L1(28.57%). . In this study 11 (52.38%) of patients were of grade A, 7 (33.33%) were grade B, 3 (14.4%) were grade C at admission. All patients showed at least one ASIA grade improvement at latest follow-up. At 3 months follow up 9(42.85%) were of grade D & E, at 1 year 13 (62%) of patients were of grade D and E. Conclusion: From this sample study, we consider that pedicle screw fixation is an excellent treatment for spine fractures. Pedicle screw fixation should be done as early as possible in order to facilitate neurological recovery, help in good nursing care and mobilization of the patient and to prevent deterioration of the neurological status. Pedicle screw instrumentation provides less surgical exposure, correction of deformity and better stabilization of one motion segment above and below fracture.

Keywords : Pedicle screw, Thoracolumbar spine, Treatment

Author : Veerabhadra Javali, Anirudh C Kulkarni, Rajeev T V, Eshwar B Patel, Vishalakshi, Remya, Sreekantha

Title : Functional outcome of surgical management of thoracolumbar spine fractures using pedicle screw and rod system -A prospective study

Volume/Issue : 2014;2(4)

Page No : 1021-1029

Thyroid is a brownish red, highly vascular endocrine gland. It has got a very important physiological role in humans. It develops as a downward growth from thyroglossal duct and a part of this duct may remain patent leading to development of a fibro muscular structure called levator glandulae thyroideae. Its presence in humans is known but problem arise during surgeries of thyroid or structures nearer to it. Keeping this point in view, we conducted a study on incidence of levator glandulae thyroideae in twenty six adult human thyroid glands of both sexes. The entire samples were collected from Department of Anatomy, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal and Bundelkhand Medical College, Sagar. Pyramidal lobe and levator glandulae thyroideae were present in 30.76% and 34.61% cases respectively. They were situated to the left side of midline in most of the cases. Knowledge about pyramidal lobe as well as levator glanduleae is very important during neck and thyroid surgery.

Keywords : development; levatorglandulaethyroideae; pyramidallobe; thyroid gland; thyroglossal duct

Author : Abhijeet Yadav, Mukul Yadav, Asha Dixit

Title : A morphological study of levator glanduleae thyroideae and pyramidal lobe in normal adult human thyroid gland

Volume/Issue : 2014;2(4)

Page No : 1030-1033

In recent years increasing attention has been drawn in understanding the complete sketch of possibility of etiology, complication and treatment modalities of both benign and malignant tumours. Here in this study we have studied 243 oropharyngeal tumours in all aspects including incidence, age, sex, distribution, habits, etiology, precancerous lesions, symptoms, clinical features, pathology and diagnosis. This study helps for the complete understanding of awareness to limitations of complications of oropharyngeal tumours.

Keywords : oropharyngeal tumours, etiology, pathology, diagnosis

Author : Balram Singh Thakur, Yogender P, Sreekantha

Title : The clinicopathological study of oropharyngeal tumours

Volume/Issue : 2014;2(4)

Page No : 1034-1045

Background: Wealth may affect the health of the children through different channels. Health status of under-five children is affected by the wealth index of the family. These problems mainly severe in the developing countries. Materials and Methods: The cross sectional study was carried out in Rahata taluka among the 200 household by using systematic random sampling. The respondents were interviewed face to face with the help of household questionnaire (NFHS-3) for wealth index and its association with morbidity pattern among under- five children. Result: In this study, the wealth index was constructed by giving the scores to each household asset. Out of 200 children 70 % were found ill in last six months. The majority of the children belonging to lower class had one or other illness during the last six months (96.30%); amongst them the majority of the children were ill because of ARI and Diarrhea. The chi-square test showed a significant association between wealth index and morbidity in under-five children (p <0.001) with the majority of children belonging to lower quintile. Conclusion: The study concludes that there was an association between the wealth and health, because those who had a higher wealth index were having less morbidity as compared to those who belong to the lower wealth index. Diarrhoea and ARI were the main causes of illness in under- five children.

Keywords : Acute lower respiratory tract infection; Diarrhoea morbidity; Socio-demographic parameter; Under-five morbidity; Wealth index

Author : Somnath D Tribhuwan, S.S. Jogdand

Title : Study the association between wealth index and morbidity pattern among under-five children in Pravara area

Volume/Issue : 2014;2(4)

Page No : 1046-1049

Background: Postoperative sore throat, cough, and hoarseness of voice can contribute to post operative morbidity and patient dissatisfaction. Besides pain and nausea these are the most frequent subjective complaints .Objective: To determine and compare the effects of Ketamine gargle, Aspirin gargle and 10% Lignocaine spray on reducing the incidence and severity of post operative sore throat, cough and hoarseness.Materials and methods: Patients were randomly allocated in to three groups of 50 patients each. In group K (40mg Ketamine diluted in 29 ml of normal saline), group A (350mg of soluble Aspirin diluted in 30 ml of distilled water) and in group L (3 puff of 10% Lignocaine was sprayed before intubation). Results: The incidence of sore throat at 2nd hour was 20%(K), 24%(A) and 22%(L); cough was 20%(K), 12%(A) and 20%(L). All the patients were free of hoarseness in first 2 hours. At 4th hour the incidence of sore throat was 24%(K), 24%(A) and 26%(L); cough was 16%(K), 18%(A) and 20%(L) and in group K and A only 4% patients had hoarseness of grade 2 severity whereas in L group 6% patients had hoarseness of grade 3 severity. At 24th hour the incidence and severity was decreased to 8%(K), 10%(A) and 10%(L) for sore throat; 4%(K), 6%(A) and 4%(L) for cough and all the patients were free of hoarseness at 24th hour.Conclusions: All the three drugs were equally effective in reducing the incidence and severity of post operative sore throat, cough and hoarseness without causing drug related side effects.

Keywords : Aspirin, Ketamine, Lignocaine, Sore throat, cough, Hoarseness

Author : Satish Kumar M.N, Vidya C Madgaonkar, T.N.Srikantamurthy, Sharavanan E

Title : Comparison of topical application of ketamine aspirin and lignocaine on effects of intubation

Volume/Issue : 2014;2(4)

Page No : 1050-1056

Objective: We intended to establish a clinical association between NAFLD and MS. Materials and Methods: Weight, height, waist circumference, hip circumference, blood pressure and ultrasound of liver were performed .Serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and fasting plasma glucose level were measured. Results: A total of 39 patients of which 25 men and 14 women were included.36 (92.3%) were obese, hypertension in 23(65.2%), dyslipidemia in 32(82.1%). Mean value of CRP and TNF-α in hypertensive patients was 2.3±0.71mg/l and 84.1±17.8 pg/ml whereas it was 2.3±0.7mg/l and 87.6±7.4pg/ml respectively. A significant increase was found in the mean values of TNF-α and CRP with increasing grades of NAFLD (p-value<0.01).Both TNF-α and CRP were higher in patients of MS .Using Pearson΄s correlation significant correlation of TNF-α and CRP was found with MS (r=0.8 and 0.7 respectively). Conclusion: There is a close association between MS and NAFLD. NAFLD was strongly associated with the MS, although it remains unknown whether NAFLD is a cause or effect of MS.

Keywords : dyslipidemia; insulin resistance; metabolic syndrome; non alcoholic fatty liver disease; obesity; steatohepatitis.

Author : Khwaja Saifullah Zafar, A Ahmad, SF Haque

Title : Metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease association-a study in rural tertiary care centre in north India

Volume/Issue : 2014;2(4)

Page No : 1057-1063

Background: Birth asphyxia is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Objective: Study is intended to determine the incidence of birth asphyxia and its immediate outcome in relation to risk factors and complications. Materials and Methods: Cross sectional study. Setting: Tertiary care teaching hospital. Patients and methods: 364 term neonates delivered and admitted in neonatal intensive care unit of our institution with APGAR score of <7 at one minute were enrolled in this study. The maternal and neonatal data was recorded according to predesigned proforma. All these neonates were resuscitated as per the need according to the guidelines of neonatal resuscitation program by American Heart Association (AHA) and were followed up till death/discharge and the data was analyzed. Statistical analysis: Chi-square test. Results: The incidence of birth asphyxia was 6.6 percent and the mortality was 17.8% percent. Male to female ratio was 1.4: 1. Statistically significant maternal risk factors were primiparity (54.9% in cases vs. 35% in controls) hypertension (18.1% vs. 4%), toxemias of pregnancy (25.3% vs. 15%), antepartum hemorrhage (6.9% vs. 0%), prolonged rupture of membranes (PROM) (35.2% vs. 5%), prolonged second stage of labour (37.4% vs. 4%) and Oxytocin use during labour (18.7% vs. 0%). Serious neonatal complications observed were hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) (45.1% vs. 0%), convulsions (32.9% vs. 3%), apnea (14.3% vs. 2%) and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) (7.7% vs. 0%). Conclusions: Maternal risk factors and neonatal complications were significantly higher in asphyxia cases.

Keywords : Birth asphyxia; Outcome; Risk factors.

Author : B. Vijai Anand Babu, S. Shyamala Devi, B. Kishore Kumar

Title : Birth asphyxia - Incidence and immediate outcome in relation to risk factors and complications

Volume/Issue : 2014;2(4)

Page No : 1064-1071

Food security in Indonesia is one of the health problems due to the lack of knowledge and food producers responsibility of quality, hygiene and food safety. This study aims to analyze personal hygiene and sanitation facilities in the implementation of food stalls serving on campus. This study applied a qualitative approach. Data collection through observation and depth interview using checklist sheet and photo voice relate to the personal hygiene and sanitation facilities, according to regulation standard of Health Minister Regulation of Republic of Indonesia or Permenkes RI No. 907/Menkes/SK/VII/2003. Results depicted that personal hygiene and sanitation facilities in the implementation of food stalls serving on campus observed not appropriate with the standard. Most of the informants did not use apron and hair coverings, when they process food and have of lack of practice washing hands with soap when they serving food. All informants have storage of food opened, so that the possibility of food contamination with potential hazards. All canteen, do not have garbage’s and waste disposal and facility control of flies, cockroaches and mice. The respondents do not have latrines approximately 90%. To sum up, it needed effort to do counseling, supervision and guidance about the importance of implementation personal hygiene and sanitation facilities and medical checks up for employee to improve the knowledge, health behavior and health food handlers, in order to obtain food stalls serving on campus that the standardized.

Keywords : personal hygiene, sanitation facilities, consumer product safety, food handling.

Author : Hamzah Hasyim, Hary Widjajanti, Fatmalina Febry

Title : Analysis of personal hygiene and sanitation facilities in the implementation of food stalls serving on campus

Volume/Issue : 2014;2(4)

Page No : 1072-1079

Staphylococci are most often associated with chronic infections of implanted medical devices. The use of indwelling medical devices is important in the treatment of critically and chronically ill patients, however bacterial colonization of implanted foreign material can cause major medical and economic sequel. The increased use of indwelling medical devices has had considerable impact on the role of Staphylococci in clinical medicine.

Keywords : Bio film; Staphylococcus aureus, intensive care unit.

Author : S.Umadevi, M Sailaja

Title : Evaluation of two different screening methods for detection of biofilm formation among the clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus

Volume/Issue : 2014;2(4)

Page No : 1080-1085

Background: One in every five women in the world suffering from cervical cancer belongs to India, which has the largest burden of cervical cancer patients in the world. Objective: This study is intended to know the awareness of cervical cancer and to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of Pap smear screening among the nursing staff in Government General Hospital, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India. Design: Cross sectional study. Setting: Tertiary care teaching hospital. Methods: A preformed questionnaire based survey was conducted after taking informal consent of 130 staff nurses working in our institution. The questionnaire was mostly about knowledge of cervical cancer, its risk factors, its screening techniques and the attitude of the staff nurses towards cervical cancer screening and its practices. Statistical analysis: Chi-square test. Results: In this study, almost 86.9% of the respondents knew that Pap smear is used for detecting cervical cancer but only 70% knew that it can even detect pre cancerous lesions of cervix. Only 33.8% knew that cancer cervix can present without any symptom. About 76.9% of the respondents knew that HPV infection in a risk factor for cancer cervix, but only 58.4% knew about HPV vaccine. About 83.8% of respondents agreed that all married women should be screened for cancer cervix at least once in a life time. 70% of the respondents thought that Pap smear testing is a doctor’s procedure and only 24.6% of the respondents have themselves undergone Pap smear testing. Conclusions: For successful implementation of cervical cancer screening programme, the nurses should be targeted first by education and sensitization, so that they can play pivotal role in developing the awareness, confidence and compliance of women. In this study, though knowledge of pap smear as a screening procedure for cancer cervix is high, its practice is still low.

Keywords : Cervical cancer; Pap smear; Nursing staff awareness

Author : S. Shyamala Devi, Vijai Anand Babu, Dara Aruna Kumari

Title : Nursing staff awareness of cervical cancer and pap smear screening in a remote medical college hospital in South India

Volume/Issue : 2014;2(4)

Page No : 1086-1090

Early initiation of breastfeeding is one of the health department programs in Indonesia intended to provide early stimulation of the beginning of breastfeeding provision hoping to be sustainable for the first six months (exclusive breastfeeding) due to the failure of early initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding provision at that period. This is potential to cause nutrient deficiency at infant and may cause malnutrition status resulting in the decrease of infant IQ and becomes a threat to Indonesian human resource in the future. The study aimed at determining the influence of factors such as education, knowledge, mother’s attitude, midwife action and family support. The study was cross sectional. The samples were mothers who gave births at the Mamboro public health center in North Palu. The number of samples was 200 people selected by simple random sampling. The data were analyzed by univariate, bivariate with chi square test and multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regression. The results of the study reveal that the five variables analyzed with bivariate have a correlation with the implementation of the early initiation of breastfeeding. The multivariate analysis reveals that there are two variables contributing to the implementation of the early initiation of breastfeeding: midwife action in which p= 0.006 and family support. It can be concluded that midwife action and family support are important determining factors to the implementation of the early initiation of breastfeeding. The main determining factors to the implementation of the early initiation of breastfeeding in Mamboro public health center are midwife action and family support.

Keywords : implementation of early initiation of breastfeeding, midwife action, family support

Author : M Tahir Abdullah

Title : The implementation of early initiation of breastfeeding at the Mamboro public health center, in North Palu, Central Sulawesi Province

Volume/Issue : 2014;2(4)

Page No : 1091-1096

The number of cases of HIV-AIDS in Makassar has increased from year to year, but the utilization of VCT services, especially high-risk groups remains low. This study aims to analyze the factors affecting the utilization of VCT services in the high-risk group of contracting HIV-AIDS in Makassar. This research was conducted in Makassar. It applied a quantitative study with cross sectional study. The population was 3,855 people for four risk groups (Injection Druge User, Female Sex Worker, Transsexual and Man Sex with Man) and a sample of 133 people with a sampling technique stratified random sampling. The data was collected using a questionnaire interview. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test and multiple logistic regressions. The results showed the majority of respondents aged 21-30 at (66.2%), male sex (76.7%), unmarried status (58.6%), had high school/equivalent (72.9%) and worked as private employees (30.8%). The results of the analysis indicate that there is a correlation relationship between knowledge (p=0.035), perceived threat (p=0.010), perceived benefits (p=0.000), perceived barriers (p=0.000), family support (p=0.000) and support health workers (p=0.000) with VCT utilization. The analysis showed that there is an influence between knowledge (p=0.023), perceived threat (p=0.021), perceived benefits (p=0.000), perceived barriers (p=0.000), family support (p=0.000) and support health workers (p=0.000) on the utilization of VCT. The results of the analysis of the effects together indicate that the perceived benefits (p=0.000), perceived barriers (p=0.000), family support (p=0.013) and support health workers (p=0.010) effect on the utilization of VCT. The variables that most influence the utilization of VCT is perceived benefit (Exp B=15.546). In conclusion, the variables affect the Health Belief Model of VCT uptake.

Keywords : utilization of VCT, high-risk, HIV/AIDS.

Author : Darmawansyah, Suci Rahmadani, Muh.Syafar, Balqis, Alwy Arifin

Title : The analysis of factors affecting the use of VCT service for high-risk group infected with HIV/AIDS in Makassar

Volume/Issue : 2014;2(4)

Page No : 1097-1104

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is an infection of brain caused by encysted larval stage (cysticercus cellulosae ) of Taenia-solium. Taenia-solium is worldwide most common in pork eating population. Taenia -solium taeniasis is endemic in Mexico, South Africa, Europe, Non Islamic countries of Southeast Asia. In India the infection is found among people who eat pork and in rural area.

Keywords : utilization of VCT, high-risk, HIV/AIDS.

Author : M Sailaja, S. Umadevi

Title : A study on the prevalence of Neurocysticercosis in a tertiary hospital

Volume/Issue : 2014;2(4)

Page No : 1105-1109

Para duodenal hernia is a relatively rare cause of small bowel obstruction, resulting from failure of mid-gut rotation during embryonic period. We encountered a case of left Para duodenal hernia causing strangulated small bowel obstruction in emergency. Due to nonspecific clinical presentation early and correct diagnosis of left Para duodenal hernia is difficult. Intestinal obstruction and strangulation may present in left Para duodenal hernia, so timely surgical intervention required for favourable outcome.

Keywords : Emergency; Internal hernia; Para duodenal hernia; Small bowel obstruction; Strangulation

Author : Mukesh Kumar, Nidhi Arun, K. Gopal, Vibhuti Bhushan

Title : Strangulated left para duodenal hernia in surgical emergency

Volume/Issue : 2014;2(4)

Page No : 1110-1112